{"id":1993,"date":"2017-05-31T01:46:06","date_gmt":"2017-05-31T01:46:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/?p=1993"},"modified":"2017-05-31T01:46:43","modified_gmt":"2017-05-31T01:46:43","slug":"%e4%bc%9a%e6%89%be%e6%bc%8f%e6%b4%9e%e7%9a%84%e6%97%b6%e5%85%89%e6%9c%ba-pinpointing-vulnerabilities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/?p=1993","title":{"rendered":"\u4f1a\u627e\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u65f6\u5149\u673a: Pinpointing Vulnerabilities"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aYue CHEN, Florida State University, \u535a\u58eb\u5728\u8bfb<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u906d\u53d7\u653b\u51fb\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053\u88ab\u5229\u7528\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1994 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/1-e1496194931424.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"214\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1995 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/2-1024x308.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"241\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50(\u89c1\u4e0a\u56fe)\uff1a\u5047\u5982\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7684argv[1]\u662f\u4e2a\u5de8\u957f\u65e0\u6bd4\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u7531\u4e8estrcpy\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u62f7\u8d1d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\uff0cbuf\u4f1a\u88ab\u6ea2\u51fa\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u7b2c6\u884c\u51fd\u6570return\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u6d41\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u5047\u5982\u4f7f\u7528\u653b\u51fb\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u7b2c6\u884c\u7684return 0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5728\u7b2c4\u884c\u3002\u75c7\u72b6(Symptom)\u548c\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0(Root Cause)\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5927\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230Root Cause\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\u57fa\u4e8ememory instrumentation\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8981instrument\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5176\u5f00\u9500\u7279\u522b\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u7528\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ebRavel\u00a0(Root-cause Analysis of Vulnerabilities from Exploitation Log), \u5b83\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2aonline\u6a21\u5757\u548c\u4e00\u4e2aoffline\u6a21\u5757. <strong><b>Online\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u628a\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u8bb0\u5f55(Record)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u63d0\u4f9b<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u653b\u51fb\u68c0\u6d4b<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u529f\u80fd\uff1bOffline\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u53ef\u4ee5<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u91cd\u653e(Replay)<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5instrument memory\u5e76\u4e14<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6f0f\u6d1e<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>\u3002<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u4f18\u52bf:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u73af\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u653e(Replay)\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5019\u6027\u80fd\u5f00\u9500\u5f88\u5c0f<\/b><\/strong>\uff0c\u5f00\u9500\u5927\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u9636\u6bb5\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e86Offline\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u91cc\u3002<\/li>\n<li><b><\/b><strong><b>\u53ef\u6269\u5c55<\/b><\/strong>\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684<strong><b>\u653b\u51fb\u68c0\u6d4b<\/b><\/strong>\u548c<strong><b>\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/b><\/strong>\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653b\u51fb\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0cRavel\u7528\u4e86\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\uff0cCFI\u7b49\u3002 \u5bf9\u4e8eRecord &amp; Replay, \u00a0Ravel\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528(syscall)\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5185\u6838\u5230\u7528\u6237\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u6570\u636e\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u540c\u6b65\u539f\u8bed\u7b49\u7b49 (\u5177\u4f53\u53c2\u770b\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u6216\u8005\u8bba\u6587)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8eReplay\u9636\u6bb5\u7684Memory Instrumentation\uff0cRavel\u96c6\u6210\u4e86\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5f15\u64ce(Binary Translation Engine\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0BT)\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u529f\u80fd (\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6311\u6218) \uff0c \u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628aBT\u53d1\u51fa\u7684syscall\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u7a0b\u5e8f\u672c\u8eab\u7684syscall\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fddreplay\u548crecord\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0cRavel\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f<strong><b>\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u5206\u6790(Data-flow Analysis)<\/b><\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5199\u5165\u4e00\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u53eb\u505adefine, \u7b80\u79f0def\uff1b\u628a\u4ece\u8fd9\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\u8bfb\u51fa\u6570\u636e\u53ebuse\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6307\u4ee4A\u5199\u5165\u8fd9\u5757\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u6307\u4ee4B\u63a5\u7740\u8bfb\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7ec4def-use\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e00\u5806\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u5f20\u56fe\uff0c\u53ebDFG (Data-flow Graph).<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u5148\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u627e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u505a\u4e00\u5f20DFG\u3002\u5047\u5982\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5019\u6709\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684def-use\u5173\u7cfb\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c6\u4e3a\u53d1\u73b0 \u8fdd\u89c4(violation)\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u5728def\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728use\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Ravel\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u641c\u7d22(heuristics)\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7528buffer overflow\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u672c\u6765\u6709\u4e09\u4e2ause (\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fread from memory):<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1996\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"234\" height=\"208\" srcset=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/3.png 234w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/3-169x150.png 169w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/3-150x133.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684def (write to memory) \u628a\u8fd9\u4ee8use\u90fd\u8986\u76d6\u4e86:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1997\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/4.png 350w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/4-300x177.png 300w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/4-250x148.png 250w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/4-150x89.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u5982\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9bdef-use\u5173\u7cfb\u662fviolation\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5728def\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u56f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e76\u4e14\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662fbuffer overflow, memory overwriting\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u3002Violation\u5173\u7cfb\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1998\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/5.png 245w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/5-195x300.png 195w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/5-98x150.png 98w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u522b\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982information leakage\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e<strong><b>\u6574\u6570\u9519\u8bef(Integer Errors)<\/b><\/strong>, Ravel\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u7528\u6574\u6570\u8ba1\u6570(\u6bd4\u5982\u653e\u5728RCX\/ECX\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u91cc)\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982MOVS, STOS \u7b49\uff1b \u548c\u6709\u6574\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982memcpy, recvfrom \u7b49\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u5f00\u59cb\uff0cRavel\u8fdb\u884cbackwards search\u6765\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u6574\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5305\u62ec:<\/p>\n<p>Assignment Truncation (\u6bd4\u59820x12345678 \u2192 0x5678)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u4ecelonger type\u8d4b\u503c\u5230shorter type<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Integer Overflow\/underflow\u00a0(\u6bd4\u59820xFFFFFFFF + 1)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u68c0\u6d4bRFLAGS\/EFLAGS\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Signedness Error\u00a0(\u6bd4\u5982\u00a0unsigned_int_var = signed_int_var)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6536\u96c6Hint\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e9b\u6307\u4ee4\u6216\u8005\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u6307\u5b9a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684signed\u6216\u8005unsigned\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u8be6\u60c5\u53c2\u89c1slides\u6216\u8005<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u4e9b\u6574\u6570\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\/\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6545\u610f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u533a\u5206\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u5df2\u7ecf\u548creported\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u6574\u6570\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5047\u5982<strong><b>Race Condition<\/b><\/strong>\u5b58\u5728\uff0creplay\u7684execution trace\u4f1a\u548crecord\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u65e6\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\uff0cRavel\u7ee7\u7eed\u7528happens-before relation\u6765\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Ravel\u8fd8\u80fd\u68c0\u6d4b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u53c2\u89c1paper\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0:<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Use-after-free and <\/b><\/strong><strong><b>D<\/b><\/strong><strong><b>ouble-free<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Buffer Overflow<\/p>\n<p>Integer Errors<\/p>\n<p>Information Leakage<\/p>\n<p>Format String Vulnerabilities<\/p>\n<p>Ravel\u7684Record &amp; Replay\u529f\u80fd\u57fa\u4e8eFreeBSD 10.2\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u57fa\u4e8eValgrind\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u56fe\u7528Nginx\u7684CVE-2013-2028 \u6f0f\u6d1e\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aRavel\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u653b\u51fb\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50, \u5177\u4f53\u63cf\u8ff0\u53c2\u89c1\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1999 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/6-e1496195063942.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"286\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u591a\u7684Evaluation\u5b9e\u9a8c, \u6bd4\u5982Heartbleed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u522b\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7c7b\u578b\u6bd4\u5982<\/p>\n<p>Null Pointer Dereference,<\/p>\n<p>Heap Overflow,<\/p>\n<p>Out-of-bounds Read,<\/p>\n<p>Untrusted Pointer Dereference,<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8bba\u6587\u91cc\u627e\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u662fOnline Performance Overhead\u7684Evaluation, \u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u7684web\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548cSPEC CPU 2006\u4e0a\u505a\u7684\uff0c \u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u6027\u80fd\u5f00\u9500\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2000 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/7-e1496195095996.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5: <a href=\"http:\/\/ww2.cs.fsu.edu\/~ychen\/paper\/ravel.pdf\"><u>http:\/\/ww2.cs.fsu.edu\/~ychen\/paper\/ravel.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Slides\u94fe\u63a5(pptx): <a href=\"http:\/\/ww2.cs.fsu.edu\/~ychen\/paper\/ravel.pptx\"><u>http:\/\/ww2.cs.fsu.edu\/~ychen\/paper\/ravel.pptx<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Slides\u94fe\u63a5(pdf): <a href=\"http:\/\/ww2.cs.fsu.edu\/~ychen\/paper\/ravel_slides.pdf\"><u>http:\/\/ww2.cs.fsu.edu\/~ychen\/paper\/ravel_slides.pdf<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yue CHEN, Florida State University, \u535a\u58eb\u5728\u8bfb\u3002\u671f\u95f4\u66fd\u6709\u5e78\u5728 \u767e\u5ea6\u7f8e\u7814X-Lab, \u534e\u4e3a\u7f8e\u7814\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7ec4 \u7b49\u5730\u5b9e\u4e60\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8da3\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u79fb\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u9875:\u00a0http:\/\/YueChen.me<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aYue CHEN, Florida State University, \u535a\u58eb\u5728\u8bfb \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/?p=1993\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1993"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1993\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2002,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1993\/revisions\/2002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}