{"id":2489,"date":"2018-06-04T03:12:15","date_gmt":"2018-06-04T03:12:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/?p=2489"},"modified":"2018-06-08T01:23:39","modified_gmt":"2018-06-08T01:23:39","slug":"%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%87%e5%88%86%e4%ba%ab%e6%80%bb%e7%bb%93%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%80%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/?p=2489","title":{"rendered":"\u4e91\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u57df\u540d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u7b56"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\">[\u8bba\u6587\u603b\u7ed3] Cloud Strife: Mitigating the Security Risks of Domain-Validated Certificate<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a<\/strong>\u90ed\u6da6\u00a0 \uff08\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8bba\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u00a0<\/strong>Kevin Borgolte(UC Santa Barbara)\uff0cTobias Fiebig (TU Delft)\uff0c Shuang Hao \uff08UT Dallas\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6458\u8981\uff1a<\/strong>\u56e0\u5f39\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\uff08\u5982\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u5e26\u5bbd\u548cIP\u5730\u5740\uff09\u7b49\u7279\u70b9\uff0cAmazon Web Service (AWS) \u548c Microsoft Azure\u7b49IaaS\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u88ab\u666e\u901a\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7684 stale DNS \u57df\u540d\uff08\u5982\u8fc7\u53bb\u5728\u4e91\u7aef\u90e8\u7f72\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u505c\u6b62\u4e86\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8be5\u7c7b IP\u00a0 \u5730\u5740\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u56de\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9bDNS\u8bb0\u5f55\u4ecd\u7136\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u5206\u914dIP\u5730\u5740\u3002\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7533\u8bf7\u5e76\u5206\u914d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9bIP\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8be5DNS\u57df\u540d\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff08domain takeover)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u5206\u914d\u5230\u7684 IP \u6765\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u57fa\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684SSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u9493\u9c7c\u3001\u6536\u53d1\u90ae\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u5206\u53d1\u6076\u610f\u4ee3\u7801\u7b49\uff08\u5f53\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u4ece\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u4e0b\u52a0\u8f7d\u5982JS\u811a\u672c\u7b49\u4ee3\u7801\u65f6\uff09\u3002<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u8bba\u6587\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u82b1\u9500\u4e0a\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u83b7\u53d6DNS\u57df\u540d\u6307\u5411\u7684\u4e91\u7aefIP\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 70 \u79d2\u4e4b\u5185\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u4e91\u7aef IP \u5e76\u5b8c\u6210\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u7684 DNS \u8bb0\u5f55 TTL \u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u653b\u51fb\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u4e91\u7aef\u670d\u52a1\u8fc1\u79fb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff08IP\u88ab\u4e34\u65f6\u91ca\u653e\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8be5\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u4e4b\uff0c\u8bba\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0 domain takeover \u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u5c06\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u7684\u5df2\u6709\u9a8c\u8bc1\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff08\u5728\u65b0\u7533\u8bf7\u8bc1\u4e66\u65f6\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7533\u8bf7\u8fc7\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba4\u8bc1\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u9488\u5bf9\u57df\u540d\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5b89\u5168\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u9700\u7533\u8bf7\u8d44\u6e90\uff0cAWS \u548c Azure \u7b49\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u90e8\u7f72\u5404\u79cd\u4e91\u7aef\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d Azure \u6708\u5747\u589e\u52a0 120,000 \u4e2a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u76ee\u524d AWS \u5df2\u7ecf\u6709 1,000,000 \u4e2a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7528\u6237\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0cTLS \u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u670d\u52a1\u5546\u5bf9\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u800c\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u5728HTTPS\u3001HTTP2\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u548c\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u5927\u91cfSSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u5904\u7406\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0cSSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u9881\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e5f\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b8c\u6210\u5bf9\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u5982\uff0c\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u6784 Let\u2018s Encrypt\uff082016\u5e744\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8eACME\u534f\u8bae\uff08Automatic Certificate Management Environment protocol)\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ec5\u572815\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u5c31\u9881\u53d1\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7100,000,000\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4e66 [10]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u6784\u5728\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e94\u57df\u540d\u9881\u53d1\u8bc1\u4e66\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u662f\u5426\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u5e94\u57df\u540d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u7ed3\u6784CA\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u5bf9\u6240\u7533\u8bf7\u57df\u540d\u62e5\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>DNS\u8bb0\u5f55\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u5982\u8981\u6c42\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u5177\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u968f\u673a\u6570\u7684TXT\u8bb0\u5f55\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u90ae\u4ef6\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0cCA\u5411WHOIS\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce8\u518c\u90ae\u7bb1\u6216\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u201cpostamaster\u201d\u3001\u201csslmaster\u201d\u7b49\u90ae\u7bb1\u53d1\u9001\u5e26token\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u90ae\u4ef6\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u70b9\u51fb\u6216\u56de\u590d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>Web \u8ba4\u8bc1\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u5728\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u4e0b\u63d0\u4f9bHTTP\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728CA\u6307\u5b9a\u7684URL\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\u90e8\u7f72\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u7279\u5b9atoken\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f9b CA \u8fdb\u884c HTTP \u8bbf\u95ee\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8eLet&#8217;s Encrypt\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u5feb\u4fc3\u8fdbTLS\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0cLet\u2019s Encrpyt \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u4e86\u51cf\u5c11\u8bc1\u4e66\u79c1\u94a5\u6cc4\u9732\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u9881\u53d1\u7b49\u5371\u5bb3\uff0cLet\u2019s Encrpyt \u9881\u53d1\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u53ea\u6709 90 \u5929\u6709\u6548\u671f\u3002Let\u2019s Encrypt \u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e Web \u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684 SSL \u8bc1\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86 Let\u2019s Encrypt \u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5360\u6709\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5b89\u5168\u5a01\u80c1\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u5f39\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u7279\u70b9\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800cCA\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u91cf\u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u7ed3\u5408\u5374\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u5373\u5f53\u9648\u65e7\u6216\u88ab\u9057\u5f03\u7684DNS\u57df\u540d\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08stale and abandoned DNS entries\uff09\u6307\u5411\u4e91\u7aef\u7684\u53ef\u5206\u914d IP \u65f6\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u4e91\u7aef\u7533\u8bf7\u5206\u914d\u5230\u6539 IP\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210 domain takeover \u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5229\u7528\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u5b8c\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5206\u53d1\u6076\u610f\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5f53\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u4ece\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u4e0b\u52a0\u8f7d\u5982 JS \u811a\u672c\u7b49\u4ee3\u7801\u7b49\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u690d\u5165\u6076\u610f\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7533\u8bf7 SSL \u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u5229\u7528 CA \u57fa\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u7533\u8bf7\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u7684 SSL \u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63a7\u5236 NS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0cstale \u7684 NS \u8bb0\u5f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u83b7\u53d6\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u5982\u67d0\u57df\u540d\u5229\u7528\u591a\u4e2a DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5747\u8861\u6216\u5197\u4f59\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u6761 stale NS \u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u53d1\u9001\u90ae\u4ef6\u7b49\uff0c\u5f53\u5b58\u5728 stale MX \u8bb0\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53d1\u9001\u57fa\u4e8e\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u7684\u9493\u9c7c\u90ae\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Sub-domain \u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 top-level \u57df\u540d\u5916\uff0csub-domain \u7684 stale DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5229\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5a01\u80c1\u5177\u4f53\u547d\u540d\u4e3a IP user-after-free \u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6b64\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728 stale DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5373\u57df\u540d\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u91ca\u653e\u4e91\u7aef IP\uff0c\u800c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u80fd\u53ca\u65f6\u4ece\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u8be5 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0cStale DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u79cd stale DNS \u60c5\u51b5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Early Migration\uff1a\u57df\u540d IP \u6620\u5c04\u5df2\u66f4\u65b0\u6307\u5411\u65b0\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u91ca\u653e\u65e7\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u7a97\u53e3\u6700\u5c0f\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u7684 cache \u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u591a DNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e76\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88 DNS \u7684 TTL \u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6b64\u60c5\u51b5\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Delayed Migration\uff1a\u65b0\u7684\u57df\u540d IP \u6620\u5c04\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u6743\u5a01\u57df\u540d\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u65b0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u653b\u51fb\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u5ef6\u8fdf\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u57df\u540d\u66f4\u65b0\u6210\u529f\u6307\u5411\u65b0 IP \u540e\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u4e5f\u5c06\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d domain takeover\uff0c\u4f46\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u7684\u6709\u6548 SSL \u8bc1\u4e66\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u957f\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Auxiliary\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u57df\u540d\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u6761\u5bf9\u5e94 IP \u6620\u5c04\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u65b0\u3001\u65e7 IP\u3002\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3b\u52a8 DoS\uff0c\u4f7f DNS \u89e3\u6790\u5230\u5c31\u5df2\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u65e7 IP\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5229\u7528 DNS round-robin \u7279\u70b9\u83b7\u53d6\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u636e\u6d41\u91cf\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Abandoned\uff1a\u5bf9\u5e94\u57df\u540d\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u57df\u540d IP \u6620\u5c04\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u5927\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u4f46\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u57df\u540d\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u6570\u91cf\u4e00\u822c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u54ea\u79cd stale DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u88ab\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u5229\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u653b\u51fb\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u5185\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u9700\u8981\u53ca\u65f6\u4ece\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u653b\u51fb\u76ee\u6807\u91ca\u653e\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6c60\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u9488\u5bf9 Amazon Web Services\uff08ASW\uff09\u548c Microsoft Azure \u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e86 IP \u5730\u5740 use-after-free \u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u9488\u5bf9\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u7f72\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u7533\u8bf7\u5e76\u91ca\u653e IP \u5730\u5740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0d\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7 14,159,705 \u6b21\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u5171\u5206\u914d\u4e861,613,082 \u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u9700\u6210\u672c\u4ec5 $31.06\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5206\u6790\u4e86 IP \u5730\u5740\u88ab\u91cd\u590d\u5206\u914d\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5982 Figure 1 \u7684 boxplot \u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff08AWS\u5e73\u53f0\uff09\uff0c\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u533a\u57df\u53ea\u9700\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5929\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5730\u5740\u88ab\u91cd\u590d\u5206\u914d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2493\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"974\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-1.png 974w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-1-300x162.png 300w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-1-768x416.png 768w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-1-250x135.png 250w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-1-150x81.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u56fe\u4e00:\u00a0 \u518d\u6b21\u5206\u914d\u76f8\u540cIP\u5730\u5740\u6240\u9700\u65f6\u95f4<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u65f6\uff0cFigure 2 \u4ee5\u5468\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u7533\u8bf7IP\u5730\u5740\u65f6\u7684\u65b0\u65e7\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u7b26\u5408\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7684\u65b0 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u9010\u6e10\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8017\u5c3d\u6574\u4e2a IP \u5730\u5740\u6c60\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5982 Figure 2(e) \u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u5468\u65f6\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u65b0 IP \u5730\u5740\u88ab\u52a0\u5165\u5730\u5740\u6c60\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u6d4b\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u4e2d\uff0cIP use-after-free \u7684\u95ee\u9898\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2492\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"974\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-2.png 974w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-2-300x120.png 300w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-2-768x308.png 768w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-2-250x100.png 250w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-2-150x60.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u56fe\u4e8c\uff1a \u4e9a\u9a6c\u900aEC2\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0b\u7684IP\u5730\u5740(\u65b0\u3001\u65e7)\u7ffb\u8f6c\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5982\uff0c\u5404\u533a\u57df\u6bcf\u5929\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u65b0IP\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u57df\u540d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u65e2\u7136\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728 IP \u5730\u5740 use-after-free \u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c31\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u662f\u5426\u5927\u91cf\u5b58\u5728\u53d7\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u57df\u540d\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e Farsight \u57282017\u5e744\u670811\u65e5\u81f38\u67089\u65e5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684 passive DNS \u6570\u636e\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u53d6\u4e86\u6307\u5411 AWS \u548c Azure \u7b49\u5e73\u53f0 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684 DNS \u54cd\u5e94\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08\u5305\u542b 130,274,722 \u4e2a\u57df\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57df\u540d\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e86 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u6027\uff08ping \u53ef\u8fbe\u6216\u5e38\u89c1\u7aef\u53e3\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u672a\u6536\u5230 IP \u5730\u5740\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u5224\u65ad\u8be5IP\u5730\u5740\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u56de\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u4e2d\uff08\u6587\u4e2d argue\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u5230\u4e86\u4e0a\u9650\u503c\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8fc7\u6ee4\u51fa\u4e86720,180\u4e2a\u57df\u540d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u5df2\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57df\u540d\u5373\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7 IP \u5730\u5740 use-after-free \u95ee\u9898\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u53ef\u653b\u51fb\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57df\u540d\u4e2d\uff0c80.31%\u7684expire domain-IP \u6620\u5c04\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc1\u79fb\u5ef6\u8bef\u9020\u6210\uff0c17.24%\u7684 Domain-IP \u6620\u5c04\u5c5e\u4e8e\u88ab\u9057\u5f03\u672a\u518d\u7528\u7684\uff0c2.45%\u7684\u5c5e\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u7684\u989d\u5916IP\u6620\u5c04\u3002\u4ece\u7ed3\u679c\u770b\uff0c\u867d\u7136 stale \u57df\u540d\u7684\u5360\u6bd4\u5f88\u5c0f\uff08\u5360\u6bd40.5%\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\u770b\u4f9d\u7136\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230 domain takeover\u3001phishing \u7b49\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>Domain takeover\u653b\u51fb\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u83b7\u53d6\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u57df\u540d\u5217\u8868\u540e\uff0c\u8bba\u6587\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece Let\u2019s Encrypt \u83b7\u53d6\u8bc1\u4e66\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u57df\u540d takeover \u653b\u51fb\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u5728\u533a\u57df\u201cus-west-2\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4ec5\u970027\u520655\u79d2\u5c31\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u88ab\u76ee\u6807\u91ca\u653e\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\uff082IP\/\u79d2\u7684\u4e91\u7aefIP\u5730\u5740\u5206\u914d\u901f\u5ea6\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7533\u8bf7\u83b7\u53d6\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mitigation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86 IP user-after-free \u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u57fa\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684SSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u5236\u4f7f\u8be5\u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5a01\u80c1\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5267\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u8bba\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u57fa\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u673a\u5236\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u4e2aCA\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u9881\u53d1\u57df\u540d\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2aCA\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2aSSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e26\u6765\u5b89\u5168\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u5982DigiNotar\u5165\u4fb5\u4e8b\u4ef6[1]\u548cSymantec CA\u9881\u53d1\u975e\u6cd5\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u95ee\u9898[2]\u3002\u9488\u5bf9SSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5982 CRLite[3]\uff0cCRLSet[4] \u548c Certificate Transparency[5]\uff0c\u4f46 CRLite \u8fd8\u672a\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u91c7\u7528\uff0cCRLset \u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u7d27\u6025\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u963b\u6b62\u7279\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u800cCertificate Transparency\u56e0Google\u8981\u6c42CA\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u5e03\u5df2\u9881\u53d1\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684Transparency Log [6]\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4fee\u6539Let\u2019s Encrypt\u7b49\u91c7\u7528\u7684ACME\u534f\u8bae[7]\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u57fa\u4e8e\u57df\u540d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165Certificate Transparency\u6765\u786e\u8ba4\u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5982 Figure 3 \u6240\u793a\u3002\u5728 Figure 3 \u4e2d\uff0cCA \u5728\u6536\u5230\u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u65f6\uff0c\u989d\u5916\u5411 CT\uff08Certificate Transparency\uff09\u65e5\u5fd7\u67e5\u8be2\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5df2\u9881\u53d1\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u82e5\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u5229\u7528\u5df2\u6709\u8bc1\u4e66\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u9a8c\u8bc1 challenge\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2494\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inforsec.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"974\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-3.png 974w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-3-300x106.png 300w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-3-768x272.png 768w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-3-250x89.png 250w, http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/guorun-3-150x53.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u56fe\u4e09\uff1a\u7f13\u89e3\u57df\u63a5\u7ba1\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u6d41\u7a0b<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5931\u8d25\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u5408\u6cd5\u57df\u540d\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u7684\u8001\u8bc1\u4e66\u79d8\u94a5\u9057\u5931\uff1b\u5408\u6cd5\u8bc1\u4e66\u5df2\u8fc7\u671f\uff1b\u56e0\u57df\u540d\u4ea4\u6613\u7b49\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u5408\u6cd5\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u65b0\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u8001\u8bc1\u4e66\u79c1\u94a5\u7b49\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u4e8e\u5df2\u6709\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684 challenge \u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u8bba\u6587\u4e5f\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u8baeCA\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u91c7\u53d6 DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u6216 Whois \u90ae\u4ef6\u7b49\u9a8c\u8bc1\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86 SSL \u8bc1\u4e66\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u63aa\u65bd\u6709\u9650\u5236 IP \u5206\u914d\u901f\u5ea6\uff1b\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e91\u79df\u6237\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\u6c60\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u76d1\u63a7\u4e91\u79df\u6237\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u7684 IP \u5730\u5740\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u5f02\u5e38\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e91\u79df\u6237\u81ea\u8eab\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e5f\u5efa\u8bae\u4e86\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684 IP\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c3d\u91cf\u7b49\u5f85\u4e00\u5468\u4ee5\u4e0a\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u65e7 DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u88ab\u8fc7\u671f\u6e05\u9664\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0cDNS \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u9075\u5b88 RFC \u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u53ca\u65f6\u6e05\u9664\u8fc7\u671f DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u4e2d\u53ef\u5206\u914dIP\u7684 stale DNS \u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e91\u5e73\u53f0\u5206\u914d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b IP\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210 domain takeover \u5e76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8fdb\u884c SSL \u8bc1\u4e66\u7533\u8bf7\u7b49\u3002\u4ece\u5b89\u5168\u6f0f\u6d1e\u65b9\u9762\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c2016\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e8eCCS\u7684\u300aAll Your DNS Records Point to Us: Understanding the Security Threats of Dangling DNS Records\u300b[8]\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c[8]\u4e2d\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a Dare(dangling DNS record)\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u4ece\u8bba\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5229\u7528Farsight\u7684Passive\u8bb0\u5f55\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684stale DNS\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\uff1b\u5e76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b9e\u9645\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u5728\u4e91\u7aef\u83b7\u53d6\u76ee\u6807IP\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9SSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u9881\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6ce8\uff1a\u8bba<\/strong><strong>\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u4e8eNDSS 2018<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bba\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<u><a href=\"http:\/\/wp.internetsociety.org\/ndss\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2018\/02\/ndss2018_06A-4_Borgolte_paper.pdf\">Click Here<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] J. Prins and B. U. Cybercrime. DigiNotar Certificate Authority Breach Operation Black Tulip. 2011.<\/p>\n<p>[2] B. Budington. Symantec Issues Rogue EV Certificate for Google.com. 2015.\u00a0<u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2015\/09\/symantec\">https:\/ \/ www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2015\/09\/symantec -issuesrogue-ev-certificate-googlecom<\/a><\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>[3] J. Larisch, D. Choffnes, D. Levin, B. M. Maggs, A. Mislove, and C.Wilson. \u201cCRLite: A Scalable System for Pushing All TLS Revocations to All Browsers\u201d. In: Proc. IEEE Security &amp; Privacy . 2017.<\/p>\n<p>[4] The Chromium Project. The Chromium Project: CRLSets. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/dev.chromium.org\/Home\/chromium-security\/crlsets.\">https:\/\/dev.chromium.org\/Home\/chromium-security\/crlsets.<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p>[5] B. Laurie, A. Langley, and E. Kasper. Certificate Transparency . RFC 6962 (Experimental). RFC. RFC Editor, June 2013. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc6962.txt\">https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc6962.txt<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p>[6]Ryan Sleevi. Certificate Transparency in Chrome &#8211; Change to Enforcement Date. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/groups.google.com\/a\/chromium.org\/forum\/#!msg\/ct-policy\/sz_3W_xKBNY\/6jq2ghJXBAAJ\">https:\/\/groups.google.com\/a\/chromium.org\/forum\/#!msg\/ct-policy\/sz_3W_xKBNY\/6jq2ghJXBAAJ<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p>[7] R. Barnes, J. Hoffman-Andrews, and J. Kasten. Automatic Certificate Management Environment(ACME). Internet-Draft. June 2017. <u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/internet-drafts\/draft-ietf-acme-acme-07.txt\">http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/internet-drafts\/draft-ietf-acme-acme-07.txt<\/a><\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>[8] D. Liu, S. Hao, and H. Wang. \u201cAll Your DNS Records Point to Us: Understanding the Security Threats of Dangling DNS Records\u201d. In: Proc. ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). 2016.<\/p>\n<p>[9] Intent To Deprecate And Remove: Public Key Pinning. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/groups.google.com\/a\/chromium.org\/forum\/#!topic\/blink-dev\/he9tr7p3rZ8\">https:\/\/groups.google.com\/a\/chromium.org\/forum\/#!topic\/blink-dev\/he9tr7p3rZ8<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n<p>[10]\u00a0 Josh Aas. Milestone: 100 Million Certificates Issued. June 2017. <u><a href=\"https:\/\/letsencrypt.org\/2017\/06\/28\/hundred-million-certs.html\">https:\/\/letsencrypt.org\/\/2017\/06\/28\/hundred-million-certs.html<\/a><\/u>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[\u8bba\u6587\u603b\u7ed3] Cloud Strife: Mitigating the Security Risks&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/?p=2489\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2489","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2489"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2489\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2548,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2489\/revisions\/2548"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2489"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2489"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/202.112.238.40\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2489"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}